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Charlotteans for a Free Southern Africa

This local anti-apartheid organisation organised protests against loans by local business to the South African government. It also sponsored a number of events, and invited visits by speakers who would share insights and information with citizens of the community.

Christian Concern for Southern Africa

Christian Concern for Southern Africa (CCSA) was founded in 1972 as an interdenominational Christian body concerned with raising awareness of the political situation in South Africa and to co-ordinate the response of British Churches. In particular, the involvement of oil companies was targeted leading to the establishment of the Oil Working Group in 1979. The organisation also worked towards sanctions against South Africa, and provided an Ethical Investment Research Service. It was dissolved in 1993.

Evangelical Women’s Group Germany [Evangelische Frauenarbeit in Deutschland - Frauen gegen Apartheid] : [Part 2]

This women’s group of the Protestant churches started its activities in 1977 with a boycott of South African fruit and established Frauen gegen Apartheid. It operated till 1993. It also campaigned against the Krugerrand and bank loans. For 15 years, they organised a vigil every Thursday in front of the South African Consulate.

Ma Thoko

Ma Thoko was initiated by several gay members of the AABN, together with gay organisations in the Netherlands. It existed from 1990-1993 as a support group of non-racist gay organisations and policy in South Africa, especially GLOW.

ICFTU Archives

Working papers of The International Confederation of Trade Unions. Rivonia Trial related records:
4873 Correspondence concerning the Rivonia trial. 1963-1965. 1 folder.
4874-4875 Correspondence concerning the Treason Trials. Including correspondence with the South Africa Defence and Aid Fund. 1956-1969. 2 folders.
48741956-1962. 48751963-1969.

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)

Women against Apartheid - Frankfurt [Frauen gegen Apartheid - Frankfurt] : [Part 2]

This was a local organisation of women in Frankfurt which formed part of the national Women against Apartheid organisation. Its activities included a boycott campaign against the Krugerrand gold coin and campaigns against banks making loans to South Africa. It also participated in the Outspan fruit boycott, and worked in schools.

Anti-Apartheid Movement Austria [Anti-Apartheid Bewegung Osterreich] : [Part 1]

The AAM Austria started in 1977 in response to the Soweto uprisings with a small group of people who lobbied the general public and government to take a stand against apartheid. It organised numerous boycott and solidarity campaigns, pushing the Austrian government to take a more anti-apartheid position. It gave direct support to the liberation movements. Besides solidarity with South Africa, the AAM also worked for Namibia. It was a member of the European anti-apartheid movements group. It dissolved in 1993 to continue as the Southern Africa Documentation and Cooperation Centre (SADOCC).

Anti-Apartheid Movement Austria [Anti-Apartheid Bewegung Osterreich] : [Part 2]

The AAM Austria started in 1977 in response to the Soweto uprisings with a small group of people who lobbied the general public and government to take a stand against apartheid. It organised numerous boycott and solidarity campaigns, pushing the Austrian government to take a more anti-apartheid position. It gave direct support to the liberation movements. Besides solidarity with South Africa, the AAM also worked for Namibia. It was a member of the European anti-apartheid movements group. It dissolved in 1993 to continue as the Southern Africa Documentation and Cooperation Centre (SADOCC).

Association of West-European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid : [Part 2]

The Association of West-European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) started in 1984 to mobilise politicians in European parliaments in the struggle against apartheid. Parliamentarians worked for effective sanction policies, they monitored the implementation and they sought to hold governments accountable for their policies. In 1993, AWEPAA was renamed the Association of European Parliamentarians for Africa (AWEPA).

Evangelical Women’s Group Germany [Evangelische Frauenarbeit in Deutschland - Frauen gegen Apartheid] : [Part 1]

This women’s group of the Protestant churches started its activities in 1977 with a boycott of South African fruit and established Frauen gegen Apartheid. It operated till 1993. It also campaigned against the Krugerrand and bank loans. For 15 years, they organised a vigil every Thursday in front of the South African Consulate.

Hannah Stanton

Hannah Stanton was a missionary and anti-apartheid activist who worked in South Africa and the UK. Following the increased violence and activities of the South African police, culminating in the Sharpeville Massacre of 21 March 1960, she found herself under surveillance. On 30 March 1960 she was arrested and held without charge, and without access to a lawyer until 21 May 1960, when she was deported to the UK. During this time she was held at Pretoria Central Gaol, where she shared a cell with Helen Joseph. After her deportation she became involved in various anti-apartheid campaigns, including those of the AAM.

E - Madiba-1993

World Economic Development Congress and a call for the end of economic sanctions against South Africa. South African President FW De Klerk and the president of the ANC Nelson Mandela calling for investment in South Africa.
RECORD BC 19930927

SABC Sound Archives

Vanderbilt University Archive

Programmes and programme segments broadcast on news channels such as CNN, NBC, ABC, CBS and Nightline. Includes footage and reports on South Africa's transition to democracy:
Talks between Nelson Mandela and FW De Klerk about the terms for a democratic election in South Africa, both prior to and after Mandela’s release from prison. De Klerk’s offer to negotiate with the African National Congress (ANC) if it would renounce violence. The statement by Nelson Mandela in 1989, urging the government to negotiate with the ANC Reactions inside South Africa to the 1989 meeting between Nelson Mandela and PW Botha, with commentary from Helen Suzman, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Ismail Ayob and Reverend Frank Chikane. Talks about power sharing between the ANC and the apartheid government. The ANC's suspension of armed struggle, following talks with the South African government. Nelson Mandela being urged by De Klerk to drop the South African Communist Party (SACP) leader Joe Slovo, from the ANC negotiating team. A statement from De Klerk that he will reject ANC demands for outright majority rule. The possibility of peace talks between Nelson Mandela and Mangosuthu Buthelezi, and Buthelezi’s reactions to agreements made between Nelson Mandela and De Klerk. Strains in the relationship between the ANC and the South African government because of continuing political violence. Scenes of political violence such as the Boipatong Massacre (1992) and conflict between Inkatha and the ANC. The ANC’s announcement to withdraw from negotiations, and the resumption of talks. The broader political situation in South Africa.

ABC

Vanderbilt University Archive

Programmes and programme segments broadcast on channels such as ABC, CBC, CNN, NBC and Nightline. Includes footage and reports on the following:
The Anti-Apartheid struggle being waged by the African National Congress (ANC), and Nelson Mandela's role. The history of the ANC and Nelson Mandela’s early leadership role. Nelson Mandela’s role in the development of the Freedom Charter.
Scenes of Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo attending the first ANC national conference held in South Africa after the ANC unbanning. A statement by Mangosuthu Buthelezi about Nelson Mandela’s position on the use of violence as a political means. Anti-apartheid speeches made by Nelson Mandela in the immediate aftermath of his release from prison. Commentary by Nelson Mandela on malpractices of the ANC in prison camps in exile. The election of Nelson Mandela as the ANC Deputy President. Nelson Mandela travelling to Zambia to meet with the ANC leadership there, soon after his release from prison. Nelson Mandela meeting Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO) leader, Yasser Arafat, and Zambian President, Kenneth Kaunda. Interviews by Ted Koppel with Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela’s call for the continuation of economic sanctions against South Africa, at the ANC national conference, 1991. Nelson Mandela's election to the presidency of the ANC. Nelson Mandela leading marches in Soweto and Pretoria, as part of an ANC mass action campaign. Nelson Mandela attending the funerals of five assassinated ANC activists. The election of Nelson Mandela’s successor to the ANC presidency. The ANC's suspension of armed struggle.

ABC

South African Sanctions Lifted

It's a turning point in South Africa's turbulent history. In light of that nation's progress towards ending apartheid, African National Congress leader Nelson Mandela has asked the world to lift economic sanctions against his country.

CBC Digital Archives

African National Congress Australasia and Pacific Mission

The records of the ANC Australia Mission have also material from New Zealand and the surrounding Islands the mission office was known as the Australasia and the Pacific Mission.
The records of the office consists of correspondence on
ANC mission material, activities of the ANC in the region. Free Nelson Mandela. Mandela Nelson Messages of support upon release. Mandela Nelson birthday messages 1989. Release Mandela (Memorabilia). Mandela Nelson (audiocassette)
Photographs of the ANC community and on the visit of Mr. Nelson Mandela to Australia

African National Congress (ANC)

Solomon Mahlangu Directors Office

Solomon Mahlangu Directors Office consists of the records of the Solomon Mahlangu directors office consists of correspondence and messages of support from the SOMACFO community to Nelson Mandela upon his release.

African National Congress (ANC)

African National Congress Canada Mission

Records of the African National Congress Canada mission. The records include correspondence, memoranda, minutes, briefing notes, financial statements, discussion papers, photographs and video material. The subjects covered:
Calls for Nelson Mandela’s release from prison, including the Freedom at 70 campaign (1988).
Mandela’s release from prison, the first anniversary of his release, and documentation on the significance of his release from prison (1990 - 1991). Mandela birthday celebrations in Canada, and messages of goodwill sent to him (1990). Mandela’s visits to Canada and the USA (1990). The Nelson Mandela Reception Committee, the Nelson Mandela Fundraising Committee and the International Mandela Reception Committee (1990). Awards and honours conferred on Mandela, and various letters of tribute sent to him (1990 - 1993). The ANC-Mandela Support Coalition (1990 - 1991). The Nelson Mandela Fund (1990 - 1991). Speeches delivered by and on behalf of Mandela, including addresses during his 1990 visits to Canada and the United States, and during his visit to Zambia (1979 - 1990). The South African negotiation process, including memoranda between Mandela and FW De Klerk.

African National Congress (ANC) Canada Mission

Kutner (Luis) Papers

Writings, correspondence, legal briefs and printed matter relating to international civil rights cases, world federation and attempt to secure international recognition of habeas corpus due process of law by an American lawyer. Includes clippings of Nelson Mandela, individual rights, release of Nelson Mandela terrorism etc.

Kutner, Luis

African National Congress US Repatriation Collection

The ANC US Repatriation was responsible for the repatriation of ANC comrades. Includes:
-"Nelson Mandela and the Rivonia Trial ", a radio drama by Mary Benson in two parts
- Nthabiseng Mabuza talks about Nelson Mandela
- Levine and Vilakazi talk about Nelson Mandela
- Winnie Mandela at the Twelfth Baptist church 1990

African National Congress (ANC)

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) Papers: Miscellaneous

  • ZA UWCRIMA MR-RT-004
  • Collection
  • 1978 - 1993
  • Part of Rivonia Trial

Correspondence, minutes of meetings, media strategies, pamphlets, newsletters, statements and news clippings concerning the following:
-Nelson Mandela’s 60th birthday.
-The Nelson Mandela International Reception committee, convened by Archbishop Trevor Huddleston.
-Political imprisonment in South Africa.
-Helen Suzman’s visit to Mandela (1983).
-Legal action by Mandela against the Minister of Prisons (1981).
-Legal work undertaken on behalf of the Mandela family.
-The Rivonia Trial.
-Honours conferred on Mandela.
Correspondents include Ismail Ayob, Helen Suzman, and the law firm Frank, Bernadt and Joffe.

Not available for inspection at time of this audit (c2010).

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker

Nelson Rholihlahla Mandela's life began in a tiny village in South Africa, which he describes as "removed from the world of great events." It was the start of a life that would not only take part in great events, but help shape them. His extraordinary life has led him from being branded a terrorist in his own country and a 27-year imprisonment to taking office as South Africa's first democratically elected president and becoming an international symbol of peace and social justice.

CBC Digital Archives

Peter Soal Collections

Peter Soal papers made up of speeches, press statements, and correspondence the collection includes the African National Congress material on the 75th anniversary speech( O. R. Tambo, interview with Chris Hani a record of understanding between F.W. De Klerk and Nelson Mandela, 1992 anti- ANC material.

Soal, Peter

African National Congress New York Mission

Records of the African National Congress (ANC) New York Mission.
The collection includes
Correspondence to and from Nelson Mandela. Portraits of ANC leaders, including Mandela. Biographical material. Schedules and itineraries concerning Mandela’s visit to New York. Tributes to Mandela. Speeches delivered by Mandela, including his speech at the funeral of Oliver Tambo.
Nelson Mandela speeches
Photographs
The size of the whole collection is 44 boxes and approximately 9 folders have material on Nelson Mandela.

African National Congress (ANC)

African National Congress German Mission Records

Records of the African National Congress German Mission. The collection has
An interview with Winnie Mandela by Africa Now concerning Nelson Mandela’s imprisonment, December 1982. Correspondence, memoranda, resolutions and working principles of the Release Mandela Campaign (RMC) (1980 - 1988). Letters to Mandela from children in Germany (1988). News clippings concerning Mandela (1985 -1990). Correspondence, memoranda and statements of the Mandela International Release Committee. Correspondence and programmes in relation to Mandela’s visits to Germany (1990 - 1993). Miscellaneous materials concerning international awards conferred on Mandela such as the Nehru Award, published speeches, statements and tributes (including 70th birthday tributes) and a statement by Oliver Tambo on the conferment of the Nehru Award on Mandela.
- News clippings, including reports of CIA involvement in Mandela’s arrest in 1962.
- Nelson Mandela concert in Hamburg
- Nelson Mandela exhibition on the struggle
- Speeches 1961- 1964

African National Congress (ANC) German Mission

African National Congress Japan Mission

Records of the African National Congress Japan Mission.
The records include correspondence, messages, speeches and statements concerning Nelson Mandela’s release, his visits to Japan and Australia in 1990,
Receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

African National Congress (ANC) Japan Mission

Oliver Tambo Papers

The personal papers of Oliver Tambo. The collection includes:
News clippings from South African and international newspapers concerning the arrest of Nelson Mandela in 1962, his court appearances, and calls for his release from prison (1962 -1988). Correspondence concerning the PAFMECSA conference held in Ethiopia addressed to all member governments, a letter from the ANC London office concerning the arrests of Mandela and Walter Sisulu, and a cable from the Somali Minister of Foreign Affairs to Tambo re: Mandela’s arrest (1962). News clippings in the build up to and aftermath of Mandela’s release from prison (1990 - 1991). News clippings, programmes and itineraries concerning Mandela’s visits to the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Japan, Malaysia, Australia, Geneva, Botswana and other countries (1990 - 1991).
Reports on campaigns for the release of political prisoners, including reports from Robben Island, and on Lord Nicholas Bethel's meeting with Mandela. Also includes a 1970 report by Mandela about prison conditions on Robben Island (1970 - 1989). Correspondence from Mandela, written from Pollsmoor Prison, to Oliver Tambo and a number of other individuals. Original letters to Tambo, as well as transcripts of letters written to Nthato Motlana, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Sheila Weinberg and Desmond Tutu, amongst others. Also included is a letter of thanks to Mrs. Bhalla of the Indian Council for the 1979 Jawaharlal Nehru Award and a letter of sympathy on the death of Seretse Khama (1978 - 1989). Media reports concerning Mandela, including cables. Includes reports by Radio RSA, internal media monitoring, an African National Congress (ANC) statement on Mandela’s health, and of a visit to Mandela by Robert Brown (1985 - 1990). Correspondence, reports and messages concerning international support for Mandela’s release from prison. Subjects covered include tributes on his 60th and 70th birthdays, and awards and honours conferred on Mandela, particularly through the work of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (1984).
Statements and correspondence concerning the assassination of Chris Hani (1993). Video recordings of various events before and after Mandela’s release from prison. These include the 1990 Free Mandela Concert at Wembley Stadium and Mandela’s 1990 visit to Lusaka (1988 - 1990).
Correspondence, lists and statements by Oliver Tambo concerning awards and honours conferred on Mandela. These include honorary degrees, Freedom of the City awards, artistic attributes and facilities named after Mandela. The correspondence is primarily between Oliver Tambo and heads of / representatives of awarding countries and institutions. The awards include the Simon Bolivar Prize, the naming of a road in Mandela’s honour in Botswana, and awards conferred by the Sandinista National Liberation Front of Nicaragua, the Jamaican Human Rights Organisation, the University of Carabobo of Venezuela, and the Karl Marx University of the German Democratic Republic (1983 - 1990). Correspondence and statements concerning international calls for, and, Mandela’s release from prison. These include correspondence about a resolution passed by the African Symposium on African Orality in Nigeria, and a statement by the president of the Republic of Senegal after Mandela’s release. Other correspondents include Senator Michael J Williams of Trinidad and Tobago, OJ Masire of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO), and the Communist Party of Sweden (1989 - 1990). Correspondence from Tambo to Mandela and to the Mandela family (1991 - 1992).

Speeches delivered in Mandela’s honour.
Drafts of plays and books written about Nelson Mandela, the drafts include No Easy Walk to Freedom, Nelson Mandela and the Rivonia Trial and What is to be done’.
Published and unpublished statements and speeches of Mandela, 1962 - 1991.
Correspondence and memoranda relating to the Nelson Mandela National Reception Committee (1989 - 1990).
Biographical

Tambo, Oliver Reginald

Anti-Apartheid Movement Austria [Anti-Apartheid Bewegung Osterreich] : [Part 5]

The AAM Austria started in 1977 in response to the Soweto uprisings with a small group of people who lobbied the general public and government to take a stand against apartheid. It organised numerous boycott and solidarity campaigns, pushing the Austrian government to take a more anti-apartheid position. It gave direct support to the liberation movements. Besides solidarity with South Africa, the AAM also worked for Namibia. It was a member of the European anti-apartheid movements group. It dissolved in 1993 to continue as the Southern Africa Documentation and Cooperation Centre (SADOCC).

Association of West-European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid : [Part 1]

The Association of West-European Parliamentarians for Action against Apartheid (AWEPAA) started in 1984 to mobilise politicians in European parliaments in the struggle against apartheid. Parliamentarians worked for effective sanction policies, they monitored the implementation and they sought to hold governments accountable for their policies. In 1993, AWEPAA was renamed the Association of European Parliamentarians for Africa (AWEPA).

European Economic Community

The European Economic Community was established in 1957 as a customs union towards the unification of Europe. Since 1993 it operates as the European Union - a political and economic union of European countries. The EEC was important with respect to sanctions against South Africa. The organisation was a rallying point for European anti-apartheid organisations to act against South Africa. Amongst other, it imposed a ban on trade and investments by member states in 1986.

Govan Mbeki Papers

  • ZA UWCRIMA MR-RT-063
  • Collection
  • 1960 - 1992
  • Part of Rivonia Trial

Prison letters and writings, unpublished manuscripts, and a proposal for documentary on Govan Mbeki (1992). There is no material directly related to the Rivonia Trial but this collection has been included as it provides insight into the life and personality of one of those involved in the Trial.

Mbeki, Govan Archibald Mvuyelwa

Records of the Students' Resource Centre, University of Witwatersrand

Reports, pamphlets, minutes, publications, statements and photographs relating to NUSAS and SASPU, as well as miscellaneous information on various anti-apartheid and other organisations. A19.3 Publications and Media contain two items on Rivonia: A19.3.4: Rivonia - Tweny Years: A Resource Pack (published by ADAC) and A19.3.7: An Overview: Rivonia Trial (pamphlet).

Students' Resource Centre, University of the Witwaterand

Africa Groups Recruitment Organisation [Afrikagruppernas Rekryteringsorganisation]

The ARO was initiated by the AGS 1978, initially to recruit health care workers, teachers and administrators to work in the former Portuguese colonies. It expanded its work to ANC camps and schools and was active in these areas until 1992. When apartheid ended and Namibia became independent, ARO’s main task became to support the reconstruction of South Africa and Namibia. As a consequence, the activities of ARO and the Africa Groups of Sweden became similar, and the organisations merged in 1992 under the name the Africa Groups of Sweden (Afrikagrupperna).

D- Madiba 1992

Radio 2000 actuality - Complete recordings at CODESA 2

Contents E 93/14-23 (Day one)
(Day two)

SABC Sound Archives

D- Madiba-1992

Service RSN Speech: An extract from a speech in Pretoria in which the President of the ANC Mr Nelson Mandela gives details of demands by the ANC before negotiations resum - The speech was made at the Union Buildings.

RECORDBC19920805

SABC Sound Archives

D- Madiba- 1992

Radio South Africa - Report Radio Today
ANC government summit - report by Manas Tshungu on the successful summit meeting between the State President Mr FW De Klerk and the President of the ANC Mr Nelson Mandela both provide details of the record of understanding which promises the release of all remaining political prisoners. The fencing of twenty-eight hostels, a ban on the carrying of weapons and the formation of the National Government Unity.

RECORD BO 1992 0908

SABC Sound Archives

Afravision / Video News Services

Unedited video footage of speeches and interviews delivered by Nelson Mandela after his release
from prison, as well as appearances at different events.
The collection includes coverage and reports on:
Mandela's isolation during the 1989 prisoner hunger strike, Celebrations of his release from prison, held at Soweto, Bisho, Durban, Port Elizabeth and Cape Town. The 48th National Conference of the African National Congress (ANC) Press briefings on various issues, such as the Inkathagate.
Mandela's address to the nation on the assassination of Chris Hani, Freedom Charter rally at Kliptown, Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA).Congress of South African Trade Union (COSATU) congresses, Boipatong massacre. Interviews conducted for a five-part documentary series on the history of the ANC Ulibambe lingashoni - Hold Up The Sun

Video News Services

Oliver Tambo Papers

The collection includes correspondence, addresses/ statements, Appeal for Action Against Apartheid, Arrest of Nelson Mandela, Mandela -Wembley Concert, Nelson Mandela - Freedom at Seventy, Nelson Mandela 70thth Birthday Tribute to Nelson Mandela, Release of Nelson Mandela and the unbanning of the ANC, Nelson and Winnie Mandela, Nelson Mandela’s visits, tributes, prizes and awards to Nelson Mandela.
Winnie Mandela footage and interviews,
Winnie Mandela, Footage, interview s for BBC TV News affair

Tambo, Oliver Reginald

HW van der Merwe Papers

Correspondence, pamphlets, news clippings and reports.
The collection includes:
Personal letters that were written to and received from, Nelson Mandela during his imprisonment at Pollsmoor and Victor Verster prisons. Correspondence between HW van der Merwe and certain government departments (including the prison service) on visits to Mandela in prison. Reports on meetings with government officials, including the Minister of Law and Order, Louis Le Grange.
News clippings on Nelson and Winnie Mandela. Correspondents include Louis Le Grange, Kobie Coetzee and PW Botha.

van der Merwe, Hendrik W.

African National Congress French Mission Records

Records of the African National Congress French Mission. The records include:
Correspondence, news clippings, pamphlets, petitions and statements concerning campaigns in France for Nelson Mandela’s release from prison (1985 - 1989). Correspondence and news clippings concerning international awards and tributes conferred on Mandela, such as the Nobel Peace Prize. And the inauguration of Boulevard Nelson Mandela, some of these were conferred in absentia and presented to the assassinated ANC activist, Dulcie September. Correspondence and lists concerning honorary citizenships conferred on Mandela (1985 - 1989). News clippings in the run up to, and reporting Mandela’s release from prison. The collection includes some of the original certificates awarded in (1985 - 1993).
- Leaflets and copies of photographs (1960s -1990s).
- Miscellaneous correspondence concerning Mandela (1990).
- Awards to Nelson Mandela
- Mandela, Nelson and Winnie
- Mandela Nelson 1990
- Mandela Libre Comitre Francaise
- Mandela - declaration
- Mandela Parle ANC Paris
- Humanite liberate pour Mandela
- List of noble peace prize nominees leaflets

African National Congress (ANC) French Mission

Len T. Holden

Len Holden was a Bedford Council member, and founder of the Bedford Anti-Apartheid Group. The group was active from the 1980s until 1991, lobbying companies and politicians to boycott the apartheid regime. Holden was also active in the Bedford Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament throughout the 1980s.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 1]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 4]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 6]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 2]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 5]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Madison Anti-Apartheid Coalition

The Madison Anti-Apartheid Coalition started at the Madison Area Committee on Southern Africa and was active from 1968-1992. It was a student organisation at the University of Wisconsin to lobby and educate the community about South Africa, and to support the liberation movements.

Oliver Tambo Papers

The collection has been arranged in four series: A. Personal Documents, B. Office of the President, C. Special Topics, and D. Press Cuttings (not microfilmed).

Only a few records relate indirectly to the Rivonia Trial:
- News clippings from South African and international newspapers concerning the arrest of Nelson Mandela in 1962, his court appearances, and calls for his release from prison (1962 - 1988)
- A letter from the ANC London office concerning the arrests of Mandela and Walter Sisulu
- Reports on campaigns for the release of political prisones
- Correspondence from Mandela, written from Pollsmoor Prison, to Oliver Tambo and a number of other individuals
- Correspondence, reports and messages concerning international support for Mandela’s release from prison. Subjects covered include tributes on his 60th and 70th birthdays, and awards and honours conferred on Mandela, particularly through the work of the British Anti-Apartheid Movement (1984)
- Correspondence and statementsre international calls for Mandela’s release from prison. These include correspondence about a resolution passed by the African Symposium on African Orality in Nigeria and a statement by the President of the Republic of Senegal after Mandela's release.
- Drafts of plays and books on Mandela, including" No Easy Walk to Freedom", "Nelson Mandela and the Rivonia Trial" and "What Is To Be Done"
- Published and unpublished statements and speeches of Mandela, 1962 - 1991
- Biographical notes onMandela

Tambo, Oliver Reginald

Episcopal Church People for Southern Africa

News clippings in English concerning the situation in South Africa during the 1991 and 1992 period at the time of the negotiations.

Episcopal Church People for Southern Africa

South African Pressclips Collection

Collection of news clippings concerning the following:
Campaigns for Nelson Mandela’s release from prison (1980- 1989). Nelson Mandela and Robert J. Brown, Nelson Mandela being diagnosed with tuberculosis, his 70th birthday, and the Free Mandela Concert held at Wembley Stadium (1988). The Mandela family (1988- 1989). Nelson Mandela’s release from prison, and worldwide reaction to his release (1990). Speeches and statements by Nelson Mandela (1990-1991). Tours undertaken by Nelson Mandela, including visits to the USA, Canada, Europe, Africa, South America (Brazil, Spain, Cuba, Venezuela, Mexico), the Far East and Australia (1990 - 1991). Victor Verster prison, visits to Nelson Mandela at Victor Verster, and his meeting with PW Botha (1989).
Biographical profiles Nelson of Mandela.

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) Papers

Correspondence concerning the transfer of money from an international donor to Nelson Mandela.
Correspondent's include Raymond Tucker and WH Frankel (1992).

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

Raymond Tucker

Raymond Tucker
Correspondence concerning transfer of monies from international donor to Nelson Mandela.
Correspondents include Raymond Tucker, WH Frankel 1992.

Tucker, Raymond Jack

Walter Sisulu Papers

Walter Sisulu papers
Walter Sisulu's office as the deputy president of the ANC. Memorandum from CODESA negotiations. ANC address by Nelson Mandela and correspondence.

Sisulu, Walter Max Ulyate

World Council of Churches

General correspondence about the World Council of Churches policy special fund grants,
especially in South Africa. Contains a memorandum from Nelson Mandela to FW De Klerk

World Council of Churches

Papers of Sir Patrick Wall

  • US UHBJL MR-RT-149
  • Collection
  • 1890 - 1992
  • Part of Rivonia Trial

Sir Patrick was Vice Chairman of the British Section of the Inter Parliamentary Union (1974 - 1984) and Chairman of the British Bahrain, British Maltese, British South Africa and British Taiwan Groups. He represented Britain at the 17th General Assembly of the United Nations in 1962. The introduction of the General Law Amendment Act, the Rivonia Trials and the United Nations conference on sanctions are some of the more significant topics on which files were accumulated in the early 1960s [DPW/48/484; 487; 486 & 488].

Wall, Patrick

Mandela -196+

Service Sound Archives
Class Aktualiteit
Program South African Freedom Songs: The documentary concept John Matshikiza
(Actor, writer/ producer) with narrators Lucie Page and Shado Twala presenting a documentary on the
South African Freedom fighters with interviews from prominent role players including Nelson Mandela.

RECORD BC 19780000- 19920000

Matshikiza, John

Grassroots Community Newspaper Collection

Collection of photographs covering:
Nelson Mandela birthday tributes; Campaigns for Nelson Mandela's release from prison; The Cape Town celebration rally after Nelson Mandela's release from prison.
Photographers include Benny Gool, Rashid Lombard and Murray Michel.

Grassroots Community Newspaper

Mbeki, Govan

Prison letters, prison writings, unpublished manuscripts, and a proposal for documentary on Govan
Mbeki (1992)

Mbeki, Govan Archibald Mvuyelwa

University of Witwatersrand Student Representative Council, Resource Centre

Records belonging to the National Union of South African Students 1933 -1992. Includes document sent to the university from Nelson Mandela, 9 December 1949- Crisis at Wits, M.D.M. Statement on Winnie Mandela 1989, Release Mandela Campaign, Free-NUSAS welcomes Nelson Mandela home pamphlets, Speeches delivered by Nelson Mandela, including the Rivonia Treason trial

University of the Witwatersrand

African National Congress India Mission Records

Records of the African National Congress Indian Mission.
The collection includes:
Personal letters of support for Nelson Mandela from Indian schoolchildren, diplomats, clubs and organizations. Conference proceedings and resolutions relating to Mandela’s imprisonment and release, and the full text of Mandela’s address in Cape Town on the day of his release from prison. Correspondence, addresses and proceedings concerning awards conferred on Mandela. These include lists of awards, declarations and medals conferred on Mandela by organisations in India and elsewhere. Correspondence, texts of speeches, poetry and photographs concerning Mandela’s visit to India in October 1990.
Photographic albums created as tributes to Mandela by the Bluebells School in New Delhi, by the government of West Bengal to commemorate Mandela’s visit in 1990, and photographs of news clippings of the Treason and Rivonia Trials.
- Letters written to Nelson Mandela
- Awards presented to Nelson Mandela

African National Congress (ANC) India Mission

Southern African Development Coordination Conference

The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), which was the forerunner of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), was formed in Lusaka, Zambia, on 1 April 1980. It grew from the Frontline States, an alliance of countries in Southern Africa formed in 1970 to aid the liberation movements in South Africa and Namibia and to form a front against apartheid. Some of the main goals of the SADCC were to lessen the dependency on apartheid South Africa and to introduce programmes and projects which would influence the Southern African region. It was renamed SADC in 1992.

Soviet Afro-Asian Solidarity Committee : [Part 3]

The SKSSAA was the state organisation through which a lot of the Soviet support to the liberation movements was channelled. SKSSAA was active internationally in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. SKSSAA provided the African National Congress in exile with material resources, such as food, clothes and vehicles. The SKSSAA and other Soviet NGOs received South Africans in need of medical treatment, and arranged stays for them at Soviet hospitals. The organisation also coordinated activities for South African students in the Soviet Union. In 1992 the organisation was renamed Society of Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity and Co-operation.

Action Committee on Southern Africa [Actie Komitee Zuidelijk Afrika] : [Part 1]

AKZA was a national organisation based in the Flemish-speaking part of Belgium. It operated from 1972-1991 and developed out of progressive student organisations. It started as the Flemish Angola Committee and supported the liberation movements directly. They organised numerous boycott campaigns and was instrumental in the formation of the largest social action coalition in Flanders, the Flemish Anti-Apartheid Coalition (Vlaamse Anti-Apartheid Koalitie - VAAK). It also collaborated with other AAMs and was part of the Liaison Group of Anti-Apartheid Movements within the European Community (known as the Liaison Group).

Champaign-Urbana Coalition against Apartheid

This was a campus based group at the University of Illinois. It operated from 1964 till about 1991 and worked especially for divestment by the university, boycott and human rights campaigns. The organisation continued and broadened its work in the early 1990s and changed its name to the Champaign-Urbana Coalition on Africa.

Episcopal Church People for Southern Africa

Collection of materials including:
News clippings on the situation in South Africa in the 1991 regarding, among others, pledges by foreign governments to support the ANC. Public perceptions of the ANC as a political force, ANC's fundraising campaigns, Reports of police agents amongst the ANC official structures, reports of violence in townships, tensions between SACP and ANC, and Mr. Nelson Mandela's overseas visits to push for the continuation of sanctions. Press statement by the ANC dated June 1991.
A copy of "Front File" publication dated August 1991.

Episcopal Church People for Southern Africa

Winnie Mandela

Legal correspondence (Ismail Ayob and Associates) 1 (1989)
Financial income and expenditure ( Ayob and Associates (1990) including Mandela family
disbursements. Charges against Winnie Mandela for contravening her banning order and replying to affidavits. Affidavits against Winnie Mandela re: The contravention of her banning order and replying
affidavits.
Court judgments
Invoices by Ismail Ayob Associates, for acting on behalf of Winnie's behalf.
Letter to Thabo (28 September 1991) by Horst Kleinschmidt re: The trial of Winnie Mandela
and more specifically the claims made by Ismail Ayob.
Correspondence to IDAF from Ayob re: above( 4 September 1991)
Correspondence from IDAF ( Horst Kleinschmidt to Ayob) (2nd September 1991)
Correspondence from Ayob to Pennington's re: monies received ( Aug 16 1991)
Statement of account (Ayob) 1990
Mandela trial files 1986, including
Jugdement against Winnie Mandela ( contravention of banning order)
Affidavit by Winnie Mandela. Affidavits by others

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

Govan Mbeki Papers

A collection consisting primarily of 35mm colour transparencies, covering:
International and South African campaigns for the release of Nelson Mandela. Celebrations of Mandela's release from prison. Photographs taken immediately after Mandela's release from prison. Mandela's re-union with Oliver Tambo during his visit to Sweden (1991). Mandela's family home in Qunu. Photographs with Winnie Mandela, Oliver Tambo, Adelaide Tambo, Archbishop Trevor Huddleston and Douglas Hurd. Performers (Johnny Clegg, David Serame, The Manhattans, Jonas Gwangwa and Hugh Masekela) at the Free Mandela / 70th birthday celebration concert, held at Wembley Stadium (1988).
Mandela at the Wembley concert that celebrated his release from prison (1990). Portraits of Mandela.
Photographers include Paul Weinberg, Gordon Metz, Order Elias on and Anna Zieminski.

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

Zohra Ebrahim

ANC discussion documents including a bill of rights for a new South Africa (1990). Towards technology policy for South Africa. Draft resolution on the ANC economic policy for National conference May 1991. Social Welfare policy discussion paper (June 1991). Statement of the Deputy President of the ANC Nelson Mandela at the opening of the National conference (July 1991), Transfer of power to the people for a democratic future 2-6 July 1991programme. Statements to the conference for the political prisoners in Pretoria local prison etc. Rally speech by Joe Slovo, at Lentegeur, Mitchell's Plain 29 April 1990. Statement by N. Mandela at Obstacles meeting Cape Town, May 2 1990. COSATU secretarial report 14-15 May 1988. UDF national conference 1-3 March document. Cape Town local government and housing workshop 18-21 Oct 1990 Summary booklets
Three BBC videos

Ebrahim, Zohra

African National Congress Tanzania Mission

African National Congress Tanzania Mission office records
Address to CODESA by ANC president Nelson Mandela. Keynote address to the National Consultative conference 14 December 1991, Nelson Mandela Reception Committee. Correspondence of with Ray Selepe. Nelson Mandela visit to Tanzania March 1990. Nelson Mandela Addressing membership in Lusaka. Nelson Mandela's Opening address to ANC/ IFP summit. Messages of support to Nelson Mandela upon his release from prison.

African National Congress (ANC)

Mandela's USA visit 1990

ca 115 items. Press cuttings audio video recording of interviews, news broadcasts TSS of television covering Nelson Mandela's visit to the USA.

African National Congress records in Tanzania

African National Congress (SA). Proceedings of the ANC 48th National Conference 1991. Statement of the deputy president of the African National Congress at the opening of the ANC National Conference July 1991. Strategy and tactics document. Rebuilding the organisation- document. Closing address of Nelson Mandela

African National Congress (ANC)

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) Papers

Correspondence concerning the trial of Winnie Mandela ( 1991), and more specifically, the financial
claims made by Ismail Ayob and Associates. Correspondence include Horst Kleinschmidt, Thabo
Mbeki, Ismail Ayob and others.1990 - 1991.

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF) Papers

Press cuttings, mainly book reviews concerning " The Struggle is my life" Other items include the
information bulletin of the Anti- Apartheid Bewegung on Osterreich, a tribute by Ngugi wa Thiongo to
Mandela ( 1990), and a newsletter of the library of the University of Natal. There is also a booklet entitled "Tribute to Nelson Mandela: Ireland Salutes Mandela" produced on Mandela's release from prison.

International Defence and Aid Fund (IDAF)

Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement

Correspondence, reports, campaign documents, press statements and speeches on Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement campaigns for the release of Nelson Mandela. Calls made by the Irish government for Nelson Mandela's release from prison. The unveiling of a Mandela sculpture in Merrion Square, Dublin, and the conferment of the Freedom of the City of Dublin to Mandela.
70th birthday tributes. Preparations for Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990 and the organising of a celebration rally in Ireland. Nelson Mandela’s visit to Dublin in 1991.
Correspondents includes Dr. Kader Asmal and Louise Asmal, ES Reddy, Ismail Ayob, Ruth Mompati, Sipho Pityana, Frank Aiken (Ireland Minister of External Affairs), Senator George O’Brien, Barry Desmond ,Honorary Secretary, Anti-apartheid Movement) and President Alhaji Shehu Shagari of Nigeria.

Irish Anti-Apartheid Movement (IAAM)

Umkhonto we Sizwe

Umkhonto we Sizwe
Publication: Submit or fight: 30 years of Umkhonto we Sizwe/the history of the people's army/
Published by the political Education Section of the ANC, 29pp.
Newsletters - Umkhonto we Sizwe 30 fighting years 16 December 1961- 16 December 1991/
Issued by the ANC department of information and publicity, Marshalltown.
Umkhonto we Sizwe born of born of the people issued by ANC Lusaka- Statement of the NEC of the ANC delivered by President O R Tambo on heroes day, December 16 1986 on the 25th anniversary of MK.
Dawn / Journal of Umkhonto we Sizwe Souvenir Issue/ 25th anniversary of MK 56pp.
Photographs: released Robben Island political prisoners April 1991 including Ashley Forbes,
Vincent Diba, Nikko Pedro, Anwa Dramat, Mabulala Nene, Meyiwa, Mxolisi Petane, Joseph Ngoma; Nelson Mandela in MK camps [1990]

Umkhonto weSizwe (MK)

Robben Island

Items recorded and maintained by the prisoners, including internal correspondence, minutes of meetings, reports and discussion papers, orders for equipment as well as other miscellaneous material. Sports activities the organisation and maintenance of such activities in Robben Island. The education of prisoners by prisoners, including formal education (primary and secondary schooling) political education and the Mrabulo materials.

UWC- Robben Island Museum Mayibuye Archives

Capital District Coalition Against Apartheid and Racism records

Collection includes a series of ANC documents created between 1989 and 1994. Subjects covered are procedures for drawing up a new constitution for South Africa, the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) talks, the ANC's proposed economic policy for South Africa, and the lifting of sanctions against South Africa. This includes a statement by Nelson Mandela, dated July 2 -7-1991.

Capital District Coalition Against Apartheid and Racism

Premier Bob Rae's special advisor's policy and issues records

Initiated on the suggestion of Canada’s Secretary of State for External Affairs, the legal agreement was signed between Nelson Mandela and the fund in May of 1990 and the Fund was legally constituted the following month in April of 1990. The purpose of the Nelson Mandela Fund as set out in its deed of Trust, is to work towards the establishment, through peaceful means, of a non-racial, fully democratic South Africa by engaging Canadians. The Progressive Conservative Party, the Liberal Party and the New Democratic Parties of Canada gave unanimous consent to the establishment of the Nelson Mandela Fund during a session of Parliament on the 7th March 1990.

The file contains three copies of South Africa Documentation, from April to November of 1991. This bulletin was produced by the Nelson Mandela Fund, which had offices in both Toronto and Montreal in the 1990s. Also included is: a copy of Nelson Mandela’s Statement of the Deputy President of the ANC at the Opening of the ANC National Conference in July of 1991, Statement of ANC President Oliver Tambo to the ANC conference in Durban in July of 1991; newspaper clippings; a working document by the ANC Constitutional Committee concerning the Bill of Rights for a new South Africa; an ANC Discussion Document concerning Constitutional Principles for a Democratic South Africa (n.d.); correspondence of the Nelson Mandela Fund; Information concerning the Fund’s Community band Citizenship Education Project; copy of a typed letter from Nelson Mandela to Archbishop Edward Scott dated the 14th January 1991; records concerning the proclamation of Nelson Mandela Day in Ontario (11 February 1991); budget information; information concerning the National Education Committee; as well as fundraising information. The file also contains the agreement signed between Nelson Mandela the Nelson Mandela Fund, dated the 16 May 1990.

Premier of Ontario’s office

Papers of Justice ( British Section of the International Commission of Jurists)

Country files compiled by Tom Sargant arranged by country and reflecting related aspect of justice and law in the British colonies and dependent territories. Events in South Africa are covered in some depth over three decades and the most file focuses on the Rivonia trial and opponents of Apartheid. The records detail a large proportion of the ANC leadership detained, including its president , Chief Albert Luthuli, Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu as well as other opponents of Apartheid such as Helen Joseph the secretary of the South African Women's Federation. Also includes schedule of the charges faced by the defendants in the first treason trail.

Sargant, Tom

Oliver Tambo Papers

A collection of Oliver Tambo Papers, 1960-1992, also at the University of Fort Hare, African National Congress Archives. The collection has correspondence with Nelson Mandela speeches on behalf of Mr. Nelson Mandela by Oliver Tambo receiving the Bolivar prize. In the collection there are campaigns such as the release Mandela campaign, Nelson Mandela reception committee, visits to various parts of the world, requests for interviews, invitations, statements and speeches.

Tambo, Oliver Reginald

Defence and Aid Fund Netherlands (DAF Nederland) : [Part 2]

DAF Netherlands was established in 1965. It came out of the Comité Zuid-Afrika (founded in 1960), was affiliated to the IDAF, and was disbanded in 1991. It concentrated on fundraising for the defence of political prisoners and support to their families in South Africa. It also published informational materials.

Records of the United Democratic Front (UDF)

Established in 1983 to coordinate opposition to the Apartheid State's reforms, the UDF promoted links between various organisations, region and parties. The UDF Collection was created by adding together material from various sources: individuals, the UDF Information Office and UDF offices from around the country. Gaps are evident. The National Reception Committee which was created to deal with the release of the Rivonia trialists operated from the UDF offices. There is a small amount of material related to this: A1.13.4 Statements and Press Releases (1988, 1989) including on the release of Rivonia leaders (1 file, 10 items) and A1.18.8 Profiles of various people including of Rivonia leaders (1 file, 8 items).

United Democratic Front (UDF)

World University Service - Denmark [Solidaritet og Bistand]

The World University Service Denmark (WUS-D) started in 1966 as part of WUS International. It became independent in 1970. It started its solidarity activities in 1966 and became a member of the Anti-Apartheid Committee. It supported the liberation movements in Southern Africa. It distributed funds to the South African Committee for Higher Education (SACHED) and other bursary programmes. WUS continues its activities now as IBIS.

Working Group Woman, Church, Twothirds World [Werkgroep Vrouw, Kerk, Tweederde Wereld]

VKW was founded in 1976 by representatives from Christian women’s organisations and continued to operate till 1991. It was a solidarity organisation with women in developing countries and encouraged women in the Netherlands to be active for change. It had a special working group on South Africa and worked especially on practical support to women’s organisations in South Africa and boycott campaigns.

Dutch Communist Party [Communistische Partij Nederland]

The CPN was founded in 1935 and existed till 1991 when it merged with other political parties. The Working Group South Africa of the Party organised its solidarity work with South Africa and maintained contacts with the national AAMs and international solidarity organisations.

African National Congress records in Tanzania

Records of the African National Congress ( South Africa) the records are held by the Tanzanian Military Museum. Detailed biography of Nelson Mandela, Birth date, Studies, Youth league - Volunteers, Treason trial, Prison, Release. Keynote address of Nelson Mandela, Negotiations
Umkhonto we Sizwe Statement.

African Liberation Committee

Abe Berry Cartoon Collection

Collection of political cartoons produced by Abe Berry, former cartoonist for the Star Newspaper. Most of the cartoons were produced for the Star Newspaper and some for City Press. The cartoons cover Nelson Mandela in relation to subjects such as:
The South African 'Bantustan' system. Speculation about his release from prison. The Organisation of African Unity and the International Anti-Apartheid Movement. Free Mandela campaigns. The unbanning of the African National Congress and the South African Communist Party. Nelson Mandela's release from prison. Awards and honours conferred on Nelson Mandela including the naming of streets, schools and other public spaces in his honour.
The South African negotiation process.

Berry, Abe

Omroep voor Radio Freedom

Omroep voor Radio Freedom Publications and papers
Publications relating to the anti- apartheid campaign of the Dutch Radio Freedom.

Radio Freedom

Joe Clark fonds

Included in the fonds are records concerning the Nelson Mandela fund, schedules, itineraries and agendas of Nelson Mandela's visit to Canada in June of 1990.

Various

RSN

Programmes and programme segments. Includes reports and interviews on the following:
PW Botha's speech to the South African parliament about the possible release of Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela's release from prison in 1990. Nelson Mandela speaking at African National Congress (ANC) conferences and at various mass gatherings after his release from prison. ANC demands in order to resume political negotiations. Political prisoners on Robben Island. Nelson Mandela's meeting with South African traditional leaders. The signing of the National Peace Accord by Nelson Mandela and others.

South African Broadcasting Corporation [DO NOT USE]

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